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Segue abaixo um vídeo demonstrando melhor o uso da ferramenta:

assert(boolean, message)
assert(person.name == “John”, “Name was expected to be John.”)
assert(item.errors.invalid?(:price))

assert_equal(expected, actual, message)
assert_equal(person.name, “John”, “Name was expected to be John.”)
assert_equal(“can’t be empty”, product.errors.on(:price))

assert_not_equal(expected, actual, message)
assert_not_equal(person.name, “Mary”, “Name was Mary and it should not be.”)
assert_not_equal(“is not a number”, product.errors.on(:price))

assert_raise(Exception, message) { block… }
assert_raise(ZeroDivisionError, “Cannot divide by zero!”) { 100 / 0 }
assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Product.find(bad_id) }

assert_nothing_raised(Exception, message) { block… }
assert_nothing_raised(ZeroDivisionError) { 100 / [0,1].max }
assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Product.find(good_id) }

assert_nil(object, message)
assert_nil( product, “Expected product to be nil.” )
assert_nil( Wine.find(:first, :conditions => ‘id = 1000’) )

assert_not_nil(object, message)
assert_not_nil( product, “Product should not be nil.” )
assert_not_nil( Wine.find(:first, :conditions => ‘id = 1’) )

assert_valid(activerecord_object)
same as: assert(object.valid?)
assert_valid(@person)
assert_valid( Wine.find(1) )

flunk(message)
always fails immediately; same as: assert(false, message)
flunk(“Quantity should not be greater than 100”) if quantity > 100
flunk(“Either user or account should be valid”) unless user.valid? || account.valid?

Advanced Assertions

assert_match(pattern, string, message)
assert_match(/^\d,\d{3},\d{3}$/, “1,000,000”, “Should match this format.”)

assert_no_match(pattern, string, message)
assert_no_match(/\d{3},\d{2}$/, “1,000,000”, “Should not match this format.”)

assert_in_delta(expected_float, actual_float, delta, message)
assert_in_delta(100.0, price, 20.0, “Price should be between 80.00 and 120.00”)
assert_in_delta(2, length, 1, “Length should be 1-3 feet.”)

assert_instance_of( klass, object, message )
assert_instance_of( User, person, “person should be an instance of User” )

assert_kind_of( klass, object, message )
assert_kind_of( User, person, “person should be a kind of User” )
assert_kind_of( Class, User, “User should be a kind of Class” )

assert_respond_to( object, symbol, message )
Instances only respond to instance methods, classes only respond to class methods
assert_respond_to( person, :full_name, “No response to full_name” )
assert_respond_to( User, :custom_find, “No response to custom_find” )

assert_throws(expected_symbol, message) { block… }
assert_throws(:done, “Array should be empty”) { throw :done if [].empty? }

assert_nothing_thrown(message) { block… }
assert_nothing_thrown(“Array should not be empty”) { throw :done if [1].empty? }

Rare Assertions & DEFAULT EROR MESSA GES

assert_same( expected, actual, message)
same as: assert_equal(expected, actual)
assert_same( person.name, “John”)

assert_not_same( expected, actual, message)
same as: assert_not_equal(expected, actual)
assert_not_same( person.name, “Mary”)

assert_operator( object1, operator, object2, message )
same as: assert( object1.operator(object2) )
assert_operator( 1000, :<, 2000, “Expected 1000 to be less than 2000” )
assert_operator( user, ld_enough?, Time.now(), “User should be old enough”)

assert_send([receiver, symbol, arg1, arg2], message)
same as: assert( receiver.message(arg1, arg2) )
assert_send([product, :decrement_inventory, qty], “Decrement should succeed”)

From: /activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb

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@@default_error_messages = {
:inclusion => “is not included in the list”,
:exclusion => “is reserved”,
:invalid => “is invalid”,
:confirmation => “doesn’t match confirmation”,
:accepted => “must be accepted”,
:empty => “can’t be empty”,
:blank => “can’t be blank”,
:too_long => “is too long (maximum is %d characters)”,
:too_short => “is too short (minimum is %d characters)”,
:wrong_length => “is the wrong length (should be %d characters)”,
:taken => “has already been taken”,
:not_a_number => “is not a number”,
:greater_than => “must be greater than %d”,
:greater_than_or_equal_to => “must be greater than or equal to %d”,
:equal_to => “must be equal to %d”,
:less_than => “must be less than %d”,
:less_than_or_equal_to => “must be less than or equal to %d”,
:odd => “must be odd”,
:even => “must be even”
}

Referência:
http://www.nullislove.com/2008/02/20/testing-in-rails-part-10-assertions/